When a short-circuit fault occurs, thousands of amperes can flow through the grounding grid for several seconds (or cycles). According to the fundamental principles modeled in IEEE Std 80 (Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding), the temperature of the conductor rises adiabatically.
In metallurgy and materials science, a hot crack is a type of defect that occurs in metals during their solidification process, particularly in welding or casting. Hot cracks form at high temperatures, usually just below the solidus temperature of the metal, due to the presence of liquid films at grain boundaries. These cracks can significantly affect the mechanical properties and structural integrity of the material. cymcap hot crack