: Odum pioneered the idea of the ecosystem as a functional unit where energy flows and materials cycle. Holistic Approach
Odum, E. P. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology. Brooks/Cole Publishing. Dasar-dasar Ekologi Odum Pdf
Nature's built-in ability to self-regulate and maintain balance, similar to how a thermostat controls a room. 3. The "Oikos" Philosophy : Odum pioneered the idea of the ecosystem
where energy flowed from the sun into leaves, then into deer, and finally back into the soil through decay. then into deer
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