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| Symptom | Likely Cause | Fix | |---------|--------------|-----| | LED flashes, no USB detect | FT232 dead | Replace FT232RL | | USB detects, test fails (K1/K2 error) | Transistor/diode blown | Check Q1,Q2, 1N4148 | | Firmware lost after VCDS update | Bootloader erased | Reflash via ISP | | Interface gets hot | Regulator short | Replace 78L05, add TVS | | Intermittent CAN | Bad solder on MCP2515 | Reflow pins | vcds 2231 hex v2 clone repair better
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