(using non-animal methods), Reduction (using fewer animals), and Refinement (minimizing pain) [19, 26]. Standard for animals in laboratories [19, 26]. Global & Legal Trends
This report outlines the critical distinctions, current global standards, and evolving legal landscape of animal welfare and rights. 1. Conceptual Framework: Welfare vs. Rights (using non-animal methods)
Meanwhile, the ballot box has become a battlefield. In 2018, California passed Proposition 12, banning the sale of pork from pigs confined in gestation crates, even if the pork was raised outside the state. The pork industry sued, arguing that one state cannot regulate farming methods in another. In 2023, the Supreme Court upheld the law. The message: the public’s moral disgust with extreme confinement can override commerce. Reduction (using fewer animals)